Climate Change and Migration

Table of contents

- Front Cover
(Page 1)
- Contents (Page 7)
- Acknowledgments (Page 13)
- Overview (Page 15)
- Introduction (Page 15)
- Perceptions and Impacts of Weather Shocks on Households (Page 17)
- Coping and Adaptation Strategies (Page 18)
- Migration (Page 21)
- Remittances (Page 24)
- Conclusion and Policy Implications (Page 25)
- Note (Page 29)
- Bibliography (Page 29)
- Part 1 Synthesis
(Page 31)
- Chapter 1 Climate Change, Migration, and Adaptation in the MENA Region
(Page 33)
- Introduction (Page 34)
- Perceptions about Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events (Page 38)
- Migration (Page 43)
- Remittances (Page 50)
- Other Coping and Adaptation Strategies (Page 51)
- Community and Government Programs (Page 57)
- Conclusion (Page 60)
- Notes (Page 61)
- Bibliography (Page 62)
- Part 2 Focus Countries and Data
(Page 67)
- Chapter 2
Focus Countries (Page 69)
- Introduction (Page 69)
- Criteria for the Choice of Focus Countries (Page 70)
- Algerian Context (Page 73)
- Egyptian Context (Page 77)
- Moroccan Context (Page 80)
- Syrian Context (Page 83)
- Yemeni Context (Page 86)
- Conclusion (Page 89)
- Notes (Page 89)
- Bibliography (Page 89)
- Chapter 3
Data Collection (Page 95)
- Introduction (Page 95)
- Household Survey Questionnaire (Page 96)
- Household Survey Data Collection (Page 98)
- Qualitative Data Collection (Page 111)
- Conclusion (Page 116)
- Part 3 Impacts, Coping Strategies, and Adaptation Mechanisms
(Page 117)
- Chapter 4
Perceptions of Climate Change, Weather Shocks, and Impacts on Households (Page 119)
- Introduction (Page 119)
- Data (Page 120)
- Perceptions of Climate Change (Page 122)
- Impact on Households (Page 127)
- Conclusion (Page 133)
- Annex 4A: Distribution of Perceptions by Quintiles of the MCA’s First Factor (Page 134)
- Bibliography (Page 135)
- Chapter 5
Weather Shocks, Impacts, and Households’ Ability to Recover in Morocco (Page 137)
- Introduction (Page 137)
- Data (Page 139)
- Basic Statistics (Page 140)
- Correlates of the Likelihood of Shocks and the Ability to Recover (Page 144)
- Conclusion (Page 150)
- Bibliography (Page 150)
- Chapter 6
How Do Households Cope with and Adapt to Climate Change? (Page 153)
- Introduction (Page 153)
- Data and Methodology (Page 154)
- Household Coping Mechanisms (Page 157)
- Household Adaptation Strategies (Page 162)
- Community-Level and Government Responses (Page 169)
- Conclusion (Page 171)
- Bibliography (Page 172)
- Part 4 Climate Change and Migration
(Page 173)
- Chapter 7
Do Changes in Weather Patterns and the Environment Lead to Migration? (Page 175)
- Introduction (Page 175)
- Data (Page 177)
- Basic Statistics (Page 179)
- Correlates of Resident and Nonresident Migration (Page 185)
- Conclusion (Page 190)
- Annex 7A: Reasons for Migration by Country, Five Countries Sample (Page 191)
- Bibliography (Page 192)
- Chapter 8
Climate-Induced Migration in the MENA Region: Results from the Qualitative Fieldwork (Page 193)
- Introduction (Page 193)
- Rationale for Qualitative Work and Methodology (Page 195)
- Focus Groups and In-depth Interviews in Rural (Sending) Areas (Page 200)
- Focus Groups and In-depth Interviews in Urban (Receiving) Areas (Page 204)
- Heterogeneity between Countries in the Reasons for Migration (Page 209)
- Interviews with Key Informants: The Example of Morocco (Page 212)
- Conclusion (Page 214)
- Annex 8A: Focus Group Discussion and In-depth Interview Questions in Urban Areas (Page 215)
- Annex 8B: Focus Group Discussion and In-depth Interview Questions in Rural Areas (Page 216)
- Annex 8C: Key Informant Questions for Government Officials and Nongovernmental Experts (Page 218)
- Notes (Page 219)
- Bibliography (Page 219)
- Chapter 9
Is Climate Change Likely to Lead to Higher Net Internal Migration? The Republic of Yemen’s Case (Page 221)
- Introduction (Page 221)
- Data and Methodology (Page 222)
- Results (Page 224)
- Conclusion (Page 232)
- Bibliography (Page 232)
- Chapter 10
Extreme Weather Events and Migration: The Case of Morocco (Page 235)
- Introduction (Page 235)
- Data (Page 236)
- Basic Statistics (Page 238)
- Correlates of the Probability of Migration (Page 243)
- Conclusion (Page 247)
- Bibliography (Page 248)
- Part 5 Remittances
(Page 251)
- Chapter 11
Do Remittances Reach Households Living in Unfavorable Climate Areas? Evidence from the Republic of Yemen (Page 253)
- Introduction (Page 253)
- Data and Methodology (Page 255)
- Results (Page 264)
- Conclusion (Page 266)
- Notes (Page 267)
- Bibliography (Page 267)
- Chapter 12
Does the Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Development Depend on the Climate of Receiving Areas? (Page 271)
- Introduction (Page 271)
- Data and Methodology (Page 273)
- Results (Page 274)
- Conclusion (Page 280)
- Bibliography (Page 281)
- Boxes (Page 201)
- Box 8.1 Testimony from a Rural Respondent in Algeria (Page 201)
- Box 8.2 Testimony from an Urban Respondent in the Republic of Yemen (Page 206)
- Figure (Page 105)
- Figure 3.1 Sampling Methodology for the Household Surveys (Page 105)
- Maps (Page 99)
- Map 3.1 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in Algeria (Page 99)
- Map 3.2 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in the Arab Republic of Egypt (Page 100)
- Map 3.3 Maps of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in Morocco (Page 101)
- Map 3.4 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in the Syrian Arab Republic (Page 102)
- Map 3.5 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in the Republic of Yemen (Page 103)
- Tables (Page 17)
- Table O.1 Perceptions of Climate Change, Last Five Years, Five Countries Sample, 2011 (Page 17)
- Table O.2 Economic Impacts of Weather Shocks, Five Countries Sample, 2011 (Page 18)
- Table O.3 Weather Shocks and Impact on Agriculture, Morocco, 2009/10 (Page 19)
- Table O.4 Adaptive Strategies of Households to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 20)
- Table O.5 Summary Results from Regression Analysis on Weather Shocks and Migration (Page 24)
- Table 1.1 Perceptions of Climate Change, Five Countries, 2011 (Page 39)
- Table 1.2 Weather Shocks and Impact on Agriculture, Morocco, 2009/10 (Page 40)
- Table 1.3 Incidence of Extreme Weather Events and Impact, Five Countries, 2011 (Page 41)
- Table 1.4 Economic Impacts of Environmental Change, Five Countries, 2011 (Page 42)
- Table 1.5 Share of Households with Migrants—Household Level (Page 44)
- Table 1.6 Summary Results from Regression Analysis on Weather Shocks and Migration (Page 49)
- Table 1.7 Household Coping Strategies to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 52)
- Table 1.8 Adaptive Strategies of Households to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 55)
- Table 1.9 Adaptive Strategies of Communities to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 57)
- Table 1.10 Government Programs to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 59)
- Table 2.1 Population Data for the Most Populated Arab Countries, 2012 (Page 70)
- Table 2.2 Areas within Arab Countries Vulnerable to Droughts (Page 72)
- Table 3.1 Location Information for Algeria Survey Sample (Page 105)
- Table 3.2 Location Information for Arab Republic of Egypt Survey Sample (Page 106)
- Table 3.3 Location Information for Morocco Survey Sample (Page 106)
- Table 3.4 Location Information for Syrian Arab Republic Survey Sample (Page 108)
- Table 3.5 Location Information for Republic of Yemen Survey Sample (Page 109)
- Table 3.6 Qualitative Research Sites (Page 114)
- Table 4.1 Perceptions of Climate Change and Environmental Conditions (Page 124)
- Table 4.2 Results from Multiple Correspondence Analysis—First Factor (Page 126)
- Table 4.3 Results from Multiple Correspondence Analysis—Second Factor (Page 128)
- Table 4.4 Reported Incidence of Extreme Weather Events and their Impact (Page 129)
- Table 4.5 Economic Impacts of Environmental Change (Page 130)
- Table 4.6 Correlates of Probability of Various Losses Due to Adverse Events (dF/dX) (Page 132)
- Table 4A.1 Distribution of Perceptions by Quintiles of the MCA’s First Factor (Page 134)
- Table 5.1 Weather Shocks and Impact on Agriculture (Page 141)
- Table 5.2 Incidence of Shocks and Ability to Recover (Page 142)
- Table 5.3 Correlates of the Probability of Being Affected by Different Types of Shocks (dF/dX) (Page 145)
- Table 5.4 Correlates of the Ability to Recover from Shocks (dF/dX) (Page 149)
- Table 6.1 H ousehold Coping Mechanisms to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 157)
- Table 6.2 Correlates of the Coping Mechanisms Used by Households (dF/dX) (Page 159)
- Table 6.3 H ousehold Adaptation Strategies to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 163)
- Table 6.4 Correlates of the Use of Adaptation Strategies by Households (dF/dX) (Page 165)
- Table 6.5 Community Level Response to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 170)
- Table 6.6 Government Response to Deal with Climate Change and Shocks (Page 171)
- Table 7.1 Household-Level Migration Rates (Page 179)
- Table 7.2 Individual-Level Migration Rates by Selected Characteristics (Page 181)
- Table 7.3 Self-Declared Reasons for Migration (Page 184)
- Table 7.4 Correlates of Migration among Resident Members (dF/dX) (Page 186)
- Table 7.5 Correlates of Migration among Nonresident Members (dF/dX) (Page 188)
- 7A.1 Reasons for Migration by Country, Five Countries Sample
(Page 191)
- Table 8.1 Qualitative Research Sites for Focus Groups and In-depth Interviews (Page 198)
- Table 8.2 Types of Migration by Area of Destination—Individual Level (Page 199)
- Table 8.3 Selected Suggestions by Participants for Government Assistance in Rural Areas (Page 203)
- Table 8.4 Selected Suggestions by Participants for Government Assistance in Urban Areas (Page 205)
- Table 8.5 Reasons for Permanent Migration, Five Countries Sample, 2011 (Page 211)
- Table 9.1 Basic Statistics on Key Variables of Interest, Republic of Yemen, 2004–06 (Page 225)
- Table 9.2 District-Level Correlates of Net Migration Rates, District Level (Page 227)
- Table 9.3 Fields Decomposition of Explained Variance in Migration Rates (Page 229)
- Table 9.4 Actual and Predicted Net Migration Rates (Page 231)
- Table 10.1 Summary Statistics on Individual Level Migration Rates (Page 239)
- Table 10.2 Reasons for Migration by Household Members, Morocco, 2009/10 (Page 244)
- Table 10.3 Correlates of Individual Migration, Morocco, 2009/10 (dF/dX) (Page 245)
- Table 11.1 Summary Statistics (Page 257)
- Table 11.2 Heckman Selection Model for Domestic Remittances, 2006 (Page 260)
- Table 11.3 Heckman Selection Model for International Remittances, 2006 (Page 262)
- Table 12.1 Matching Results—Any Remittances, Republic of Yemen, 2005/06 (Page 275)
- Table 12.2 Matching Results—Domestic Remittances, Republic of Yemen, 2005/06
(Page 276)
- Table 12.3 Matching Results—International Remittances, Republic of Yemen, 2005/06 (Page 278)
- Back Cover
(Page 287)