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- Cover (Page 1) - Title Page (Page 4) - Copyright Page (Page 5) - Contents (Page 6) - Preface (Page 14) - Support for Instructors and Students (Page 16) - Acknowledgments (Page 18) - 1 Introduction (Page 22) - Critical Thinking in Everyday Life (Page 22) - Play Fair (Page 23) - Seating a Jury (Page 23) - Jury Research: Eliminating or Selecting Bias? (Page 24) - Impartial Critical Thinking (Page 25) - Adversarial Critical Thinking (Page 26) - Cooperative Critical Thinking (Page 28) - Internet Resources (Page 33) - Additional Reading (Page 33) - 2 A Few Important Terms (Page 35) - Arguments (Page 35) - Statements (Page 35) - Premises and Conclusions (Page 37) - Deductive and Inductive Arguments (Page 40) - Deduction, Validity, and Soundness (Page 42) - Induction, Strong Arguments, and Cogent Arguments (Page 44) - Review Questions (Page 48) - Internet Resources (Page 48) - Additional Reading (Page 48) - 3 Ad Hominem Arguments (Page 49) - The Ad Hominem Fallacy (Page 49) - Nonfallacious Ad Hominem Arguments (Page 50) - Ad Hominem and Testimony (Page 52) - Distinguishing Argument from Testimony (Page 54) - Tricky Types of Ad Hominem (Page 62) - Bias Ad Hominem (Page 62) - Inconsistency and Ad Hominem (Page 65) - Psychological Ad Hominem (Page 68) - Inverse Ad Hominem (Page 69) - Attacking Arguments (Page 70) - Review Questions (Page 75) - Internet Resources (Page 76) - Additional Reading (Page 76) - 4 The Second Deadly Fallacy: The Strawman Fallacy (Page 77) - Straw Man (Page 78) - The Principle of Charity (Page 79) - The Strawman Fallacy (Page 79) - Special Strawman Varieties (Page 84) - Limits on Critical Thinking (Page 84) - Review Questions (Page 86) - Internet Resources (Page 87) - Additional Reading (Page 87) - 5 What’s the Question? (Page 88) - Determine the Conclusion (Page 88) - What Is the Exact Conclusion? (Page 89) - Review Question (Page 95) - 6 Relevant and Irrelevant Reasons (Page 97) - Premises Are Relevant or Irrelevant Relative to the Conclusion (Page 98) - Irrelevant Reason Fallacy (Page 102) - The Red Herring Fallacy (Page 102) - Review Questions (Page 111) - Internet Resources (Page 112) - Additional Reading (Page 112) - 7 Analyzing Arguments (Page 113) - Argument Structure (Page 113) - Convergent Arguments (Page 113) - Linked Arguments (Page 116) - Subarguments (Page 117) - Assumptions: Their Use and Abuse (Page 130) - Legitimate Assumptions (Page 130) - Enthymemes (Page 132) - Illegitimate Assumptions (Page 132) - Review Questions (Page 134) - Internet Resources (Page 135) - Additional Reading (Page 135) - 8 The Burden of Proof (Page 136) - Who Bears the Burden of Proof? (Page 136) - Appeal to Ignorance (Page 138) - The Burden of Proof in the Courtroom (Page 138) - Presumption of Innocence (Page 139) - When the Defendant Does Not Testify (Page 140) - Juries and the Burden of Proof (Page 141) - Unappealing Ignorance (Page 144) - Review Questions (Page 148) - Internet Resources (Page 149) - Additional Reading (Page 149) - 9 Language and Its Pitfalls (Page 150) - Definitions (Page 150) - Stipulative Definitions (Page 151) - Controversial Definitions (Page 152) - Deceptive Language (Page 152) - The Fallacy of Ambiguity (Page 153) - Amphiboly (Page 157) - Review Questions (Page 160) - Internet Resources (Page 160) - Additional Reading (Page 160) - 10 Appeal to Authority (Page 161) - Authorities as Testifiers (Page 162) - Conditions for Legitimate Appeal to Authority (Page 162) - Popularity and Tradition (Page 169) - Review Questions (Page 175) - Internet Resources (Page 175) - Additional Reading (Page 175) - Cumulative Exercises One (Chapters 1 through 10) (Page 177) - 11 Arguments by Analogy (Page 185) - Figurative Analogy (Page 185) - Deductive Argument by Analogy (Page 186) - The Fallacy of Faulty Analogy (Page 191) - Analyzing a Deductive Argument by Analogy (Page 196) - Deductive Arguments by Analogy and Cooperative Critical Thinking (Page 200) - The Fallacy of Analogical Literalism (Page 201) - Caution! Watch for Analogies That Look Like Slippery Slopes! (Page 203) - Inductive Arguments by Analogy (Page 205) - Review Questions (Page 222) - Internet Resources (Page 223) - Additional Reading (Page 223) - 12 Some Distinctive Arguments and Potential Pitfalls: Slippery Slope, Dilemma, and Golden Mean Arguments (Page 225) - Slippery Slope (Page 225) - Separating Slippery Slopes from Straw Men (Page 226) - The Slippery Slope Fallacy (Page 227) - Genuine Slippery Slopes (Page 227) - Dilemmas, False and True (Page 232) - Genuine Dilemmas (Page 233) - False Dilemmas (Page 233) - False Dilemma Combined with Straw Man (Page 237) - Consider the Possibilities (Page 237) - Golden Mean (Page 241) - The Golden Mean Fallacy (Page 241) - Constructing Golden Mean Fallacies (Page 241) - Review Questions (Page 245) - Internet Resources (Page 246) - Additional Reading (Page 246) - 13 Begging the Question (Page 247) - The Problem with Question-Begging Arguments (Page 247) - A New and Confusing Use of “Begs the Question” (Page 248) - Subtle Forms of Question Begging (Page 248) - Synonymous Begging the Question (Page 248) - Generalization Begging the Question (Page 249) - Circular Begging the Question (Page 250) - False Charges of Begging the Question (Page 252) - Self-Sealing Arguments (Page 252) - Complex Questions (Page 254) - Review Questions (Page 259) - Internet Resources (Page 259) - Additional Reading (Page 259) - Cumulative Exercises Two (Chapters 1 through 13) (Page 260) - 14 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions (Page 274) - Necessary Conditions (Page 274) - Distinguishing Necessary from Sufficient Conditions (Page 276) - Sufficient Conditions (Page 277) - Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in Ordinary Language (Page 277) - Conditional Statements (Page 279) - Alternative Ways of Stating Necessary and Sufficient Conditions (Page 280) - Both Necessary and Sufficient (Page 282) - Valid Inferences from Necessary and Sufficient Conditions (Page 288) - Modus Ponens (Page 288) - Modus Tollens (Page 290) - Fallacies Based on Confusion between Necessary and Sufficient Conditions (Page 290) - The Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent (Page 290) - The Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent (Page 291) - Detecting Argument Forms (Page 292) - Review Questions (Page 298) - Internet Resources (Page 298) - Additional Reading (Page 298) - 15 Scientific and Causal Reasoning (Page 299) - Distinguishing Causation from Correlation (Page 300) - The Questionable Cause Fallacy (Page 304) - The Method of Science (Page 307) - Randomized Studies and Prospective Studies (Page 308) - Making Predictions (Page 309) - When Predictions Go Wrong (Page 310) - Faulty “Scientific” Claims (Page 312) - Confirmation Bias (Page 314) - Scientific Integrity, Scientific Cooperation, and Research Manipulation (Page 315) - Review Questions (Page 318) - Internet Resources (Page 319) - Additional Reading (Page 319) - 16 The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth (Page 320) - Eyewitness Testimony (Page 321) - Potential Sources of Eyewitness Error (Page 321) - Judging the Honesty of a Witness (Page 328) - The Whole Truth (Page 330) - Are the Premises True? (Page 333) - Digging for Truth (Page 333) - Consider the Source (Page 334) - Review Questions (Page 335) - Internet Resources (Page 336) - Additional Reading (Page 337) - Cumulative Exercises Three (Chapters 1 through 16) (Page 339) - 17 Thinking Critically about Statistics (Page 364) - All Children Are Above Average (Page 364) - Empty Statistics (Page 366) - Finding the Appropriate Context (Page 366) - Caught Off Base (Page 367) - Statistical Apples and Oranges (Page 367) - Statistical Half-Truths (Page 369) - Sample Size and “Statistical Significance” (Page 369) - How to Make Your Study Yield the Results You Want (Page 370) - Surveys (Page 373) - Review Questions (Page 377) - Internet Resources (Page 377) - Additional Reading (Page 378) - 18 Symbolic Sentential Logic (Page 379) - Truth-Functional Definitions (Page 379) - Negation (Page 379) - Disjunction (Page 380) - Conjunction (Page 381) - Conditional (Page 381) - Material Implication (Page 382) - Testing for Validity and Invalidity (Page 384) - Punctuation (Page 387) - The Truth-Table Method of Testing for Validity (Page 391) - The Short-Cut Method for Determining Validity or Invalidity (Page 395) - Review Questions (Page 408) - 19 Arguments about Classes (Page 409) - Types of Categorical Propositions (Page 410) - Relations among Categorical Propositions (Page 411) - Venn Diagrams (Page 412) - Diagramming Statements (Page 412) - Diagramming Arguments (Page 417) - Translating Ordinary-Language Statements into Standard-Form Categorical Propositions (Page 428) - Reducing the Number of Terms (Page 430) - Review Questions (Page 431) - Additional Reading (Page 431) - Consider Your Verdict: Comprehensive Critical Thinking in the Jury Room (Page 432) - State v. Ransom (Page 432) - Judge Schwebel’s Summation and Charge to the Jury (Page 445) - Internet Resources (Page 446) - Additional Reading (Page 446) - Key Terms (Page 448) - Answers to Selected Exercises (Page 454) - Index (Page 466) - A (Page 466) - B (Page 466) - C (Page 467) - D (Page 467) - E (Page 468) - F (Page 468) - G (Page 468) - H (Page 468) - I (Page 469) - J (Page 469) - K (Page 469) - L (Page 469) - M (Page 469) - N (Page 470) - O (Page 470) - P (Page 470) - Q (Page 470) - R (Page 470) - S (Page 471) - T (Page 471) - U (Page 471) - V (Page 471) - W (Page 472) - X (Page 472) - Z (Page 472)