207 Pages · 3.57 mb ·
Matthew Allen
Most Popular Career
- Cover (Page 1) - Copyright page (Page 6) - Contents (Page 7) - Preface to First Edition (Page 10) - Preface to Second Edition (Page 11) - How to Use this Book (Page 13) - 1 Smart Thinking (Page 15) - What is smart thinking? (Page 15) - Reasoning (Page 17) - How do we study smart thinking? (Page 19) - Thinking about thinking (Page 19) - Thinkers with attitude (Page 20) - Why do we need to 'think smart'? (Page 21) - 2 Claims: The Key Elements of Reasoning (Page 23) - Understanding language (Page 24) - A basic look at language (Page 24) - Statements that are claims (Page 25) - Claims as elements of reasoning (Page 27) - More about claims (Page 28) - Connections within claims (Page 28) - Claims that include claims (Page 29) - Scope and certainty (Page 30) - Descriptive and value claims (Page 31) - Claims and reasoning (Page 32) - Using claims as conclusions and premises (Page 32) - More on conclusions (Page 34) - More on premises (Page 35) - Review (Page 36) - 3 Linking: The Key Process in Reasoning (Page 39) - Links between claims (Page 40) - Evidence of the linking process (Page 40) - The problem of understanding linkages (Page 41) - The analytical structure of reasoning (Page 42) - Representing the analytical structure (Page 42) - What the analytical structure format offers (Page 43) - Learning more about the analytical structure (Page 45) - The analytical structure behind narrative flow (Page 45) - Casting (Page 45) - Using the analytical structure for planning (Page 47) - Complex analytical structures (Page 49) - Review (Page 51) - 4 Understanding the Links between Claims (Page 53) - Dependent premises (Page 53) - Using a group of premises (Page 53) - Using independent premises (Page 55) - The weakness of independent premises (Page 57) - Special functions of premises (Page 58) - Premises that provide a framework (Page 58) - Premises that provide a definition (Page 60) - The link from premises to conclusion (Page 61) - The importance of internal connections (Page 62) - Making a real connection (Page 64) - Covering scope and certainty (Page 64) - Thinking about values (Page 65) - Review (Page 67) - 5 More Effective Reasoning I: Better Claims (Page 69) - Well-formed claims (Page 70) - Writing clear claims (Page 70) - Controlling the key properties of claims (Page 71) - Well-founded claims (Page 74) - The problem of 'true' claims (Page 74) - Claims whose truthfulness is not in question (Page 76) - Claims supported by authority (Page 78) - Claims supported by reasoning (Page 80) - Review (Page 81) - 6 More Effective Reasoning II: Better Links (Page 83) - Effective use of dependent premises (Page 84) - Dependent premises providing one reason (Page 84) - Avoiding implied premises (Page 86) - Relevance (Page 88) - What is relevance? (Page 88) - Ensuring premises are relevant (Page 90) - The special role of framing premises (Page 91) - Strength of support (Page 94) - The burden of proof (Page 94) - Justifying all aspects of the conclusion (Page 96) - Breadth of premises (Page 97) - Coherence in scope and certainty (Page 99) - Review (Page 100) - 7 What Kinds of Reasoning are There? (Page 103) - Deductive and inductive reasoning (Page 103) - A common error (Page 103) - Deduction (Page 104) - Induction (Page 105) - Categorical and propositional logic (Page 106) - Five types of reasoning (Page 107) - Causal reasoning (Page 108) - Reasoning from generalisation (Page 109) - Reasoning from specific cases (Page 111) - Reasoning from analogy (Page 112) - Reasoning from terms (Page 113) - Review (Page 114) - 8 Research, Reasoning, and Analysis (Page 116) - Reasoning and analysis (Page 117) - Reasoning and knowledge (Page 117) - Reasoned analysis as questions (Page 118) - Information understood by where we find it (Page 120) - Information as it relates to other information (Page 122) - Relations of specific and general (Page 122) - Relations of similarity and difference (Page 122) - Relations of cause and effect (Page 123) - Information classified by the topic under investigation (Page 123) - Information as it relates to how we are using it (Page 125) - Direct and indirect sources (Page 127) - Direct sources (Page 127) - Indirect sources (Page 128) - Five possible outcomes (Page 130) - Review (Page 131) - 9 Planning and Creating Your Reasoning (Page 134) - The key analytical questions (Page 135) - Context: analysing the external dimensions of reasoning (Page 135) - Text: the internal dimensions of reasoning (Page 137) - Using the analytical structure for planning (Page 141) - Different sorts of plans (Page 141) - The analytical structure format as a plan for writing (Page 143) - Review (Page 146) - 10 Bringing It All Together: Narrative and Structure (Page 148) - Example text (Page 148) - The value of referencing (Page 148) - Casting and notes on each paragraph (Page 151) - Capturing the essence of the text (Page 160) - Overall narrative flow of the text (Page 161) - Summary (Page 163) - Answers, Discussion, and Further Advice (Page 164) - Chapter 1 (Page 164) - Exercise 1.1 (Page 164) - Exercise 1.2 (Page 164) - Chapter 2 (Page 165) - Exercise 2.1 (Page 165) - Exercise 2.2 (Page 165) - Exercise 2.3 (Page 165) - Exercise 2.4 (Page 165) - Exercise 2.5 (Page 165) - Exercise 2.6 (Page 166) - Exercise 2.7 (Page 166) - Exercise 2.8 (Page 166) - Chapter 3 (Page 166) - Exercise 3.1 (Page 166) - Exercise 3.2 (Page 167) - Exercise 3.3 (Page 167) - Exercise 3.4 (Page 167) - Exercise 3.5 (Page 169) - Exercise 3.6 (Page 172) - Chapter 4 (Page 174) - Exercise 4.1 (Page 174) - Exercise 4.2 (Page 175) - Exercise 4.3 (Page 175) - Exercise 4.4 (Page 175) - Exercise 4.5 (Page 176) - Chapter 5 (Page 176) - Exercise 5.1 (Page 176) - Exercise 5.2 (Page 178) - Exercise 5.3 (Page 178) - Exercise 5.4 (Page 179) - Chapter 6 (Page 180) - Exercise 6.1 (Page 180) - Exercise 6.2 (Page 180) - Exercise 6.3 (Page 181) - Exercise 6.4 (Page 181) - Exercise 6.5 (Page 182) - Exercise 6.6 (Page 182) - Exercise 6.7 (Page 183) - Chapter 7 (Page 183) - Exercise 7.1 (Page 183) - Chapter 8 (Page 185) - Exercise 8.1 (Page 185) - Exercise 8.2 (Page 185) - Exercise 8.3 (Page 185) - Exercise 8.4 (Page 186) - Chapter 9 (Page 186) - Exercise 9.1 (Page 186) - Exercise 9.2 (Page 186) - Exercise 9.3 (Page 187) - Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts (Page 188) - Further Reading (Page 200) - Further reading on knowledge and philosophy (Page 200) - Further reading on reasoning (Page 201) - Further reading on writing and communicating (Page 203) - Guide to Important Skills (Page 204) - General questions (Page 204) - Specific questions (Page 206)